INVENIRE

For many centuries, and even a few millennia, men and women have explored the globe, forcing entire tribes and civilisations to bow at their feet. These people conquered last stretches of terrritory, influencing and impacting the lives and cultures of the conquered lands for centuries after their deaths. Although their vocations were violent ones, their exploration led to the spread of language and philosophy. These tradesmen are now called military commanders. Alexander III of Macedon Alexander III of Macedon is often regarded as one of history's greatest military masterminds. His life consisted of many battles, all of which he was the victor in, and building an empire that stretched from Greece to India. Alexander The Great was born in 356 BC in the city of Pella, Greece to Phillip II of Macedon, and Olympias, Phillip's fourth wife. As a child, the young Alexander seemed destined to achieve great things. Aged 10, he famously tamed a horse brought by a trader from Thessal...

Thomas Burke, the first Men's 100m winner at the Olympic Games, ran the final in 12.0 seconds. Since the Men's 100m sprint was first contested at the Olympic Games, the level of sprinters has increased dramatically. Today, many regional-level U14 athletes would have been crowned Olympic champion in 1896. Athletes have become taller and more muscular, as the science involved in sprinting has advanced. Sprinters have also specialised more in one event. For example, Jesse Owens won the 100m, 200m, the long jump, and was part of the winning team in the 4 by 100m. In his 100m final, his time was 10.3 seconds. However, athletes today rarely compete in both track and field events. Specialisation allows athletes to adapt their physical features to increase their performance in their chosen sport. Even in business and economics, Adam Smith noted that specialisation in pin-making increased production. A worker who has specialised in making the head of a pin makes the ma...

The knockout stage of the 2018 World Cup is currently underway, and Invenire has been researching the financial and economic impact of the world cup. The FIFA World Cup is both the most expensive and the most lucrative of any football tournament in the world and has occurred every four years since 1930 when it was won by Uruguay. The only exceptions to this are the years 1942 and 1946; the tournament was cancelled as a result of World War II. An estimate by Russian regional governments has placed the cost of renovating, restoring and constructing stadiums at a total sum of GBP2 million to GBP6 million. This includes building stadiums in cities that do not have any professional football teams, like the host city of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, in Sochi.  Further upkeep and operation of World Cup venues are expected to reach costs of over GBP24, 000, 000. For example, the city of Nizhny Novgorod wishes for Moscow to pay for the upkeep of the stadium for at least three y...

Vicious or vital? Although animal testing is not at the forefront of political debate, it is still a polarising issue. According to Pew Research, 47% of people support experimentation on animals, whereas 50% are opposed to it. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) states that 100 million animals are used in animal testing per year in the USA alone. Data released by the Home Office, animal experimentation in the UK reached its peak in the 1970s before tailing off; however, it made a resurgence in the early 200s. Animal testing is often used by researchers and scientists to produce drugs and medicines. The results of this research are often applauded by the medical community. Jon Klingborg, president of the California Veterinary Medical Association said, "Their contribution to life-saving advancements in medicine and science for both pets and humans is enormous. Thanks to the last century of animal research, we have achieved life-saving treatments for people and a...

Before beginning, I must note that the title is by all means misleading. The British constitution is not entirely unwritten; medieval documents such as the Magna Carta and the Provisions of Oxford still contain statutes that are applicable today. For example, the phrase, "No freeman shall be imprisoned except by a jury of peers" is derived from the Magna Carta (1215). However, unlike many other sovereign states, the United Kingdom does not have one document widely considered to be the Constitution. As the late PM Margaret Thatcher put it, "Europe was created by history. America was created by philosophy." European countries that do have codified constitutions have often adopted them in the last 70 years, far after the foundation date of the country. The UK's Constitution is a set of conventions, rather than a written document. This is namely due to the United Kingdom consisting of four independent nations until 1707. Unlike the United States, the UK does not h...

Democracy is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "a form of government in which the people have a say over how it is governed" and its literal definition is "people power" (Classical Greek). Frequent, open and fair elections are seen as the hallmarks of democracies, and often, the hallmarks of great societies. Democracy's roots, however, did not see elections as such an essential process. This form of government, regarded by many as the hallmark of a great civilisation, originates from 5th Century BC Athens. In Ancient Athens, anyone who was a free male, and was not foreign-born, was granted the right to attend an ecclesia or assembly, where they would have the chance to bring about public lawsuits and debate new laws. These assemblies occurred several times a month and of the approximately 30, 000 eligible, there were about 6,000 to every meeting. A government of 6,000, in which there was no structural debate would have made for ineffective governme...

Once the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, some critics believe that the British economy will never be resurrected and that it will suffer miserably, as it fails to trade with the wider world. However, after an in-depth analysis of the British economy, our team here at Invenire have chosen four actions to be taken by the Government to create more jobs for British workers. 1. Invest in vocational and technical training  Many believe that Theresa May should solely focus her higher education efforts on lowering university costs. Although Britain does need a new generation of academics and university-educated professionals to fill the market without foreigners, it remains the truth that the United Kingdom needs a new, stronger network of vocational  colleges and trade schools.  A study by the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) warns that the number of university leavers has dramatically outstripped the supply of advanced jobs. The report used data from the ...